論文英語

概要 †

  • この世界は英語でできている
  • 問題解決型で勉強しろ
  • コミュニケーションができないのは仕事ができないから、話しても意味がないみたいになる。ちゃんとスキルを上げればコミュ力は関係なくなる。
  • 僕の英語力
    • 2017-01-29 TOEIC Listening 470, Reading 425
    • 2022-11-30 IELTS Listening 5.5, Reading 7.5, Writing 6.5, Speaking 5.5 (Overall 6.5, B2)
    • 2024-04-28 IELTS Academic Listening 6.0, Reading 6.5, Writing 6.0, Speaking 6.5 (Overall 6.5 B2)
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下位ページ †

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リンク †

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ツール †

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Writing †

  • 生成AI
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単語 †

  • 時間
Unit-3-2-10+1+2+3
Day3 days agoThe day before yesterdayYesterdayTodayTomorrowThe day after tomorrowIn 3 days
Week3 weeks agoThe week before lastLast weekThis weekNext weekThe week after nextIn 3 weeks
Month3 months agoThe month before lastLast monthThis monthNext monthThe month after nextIn 3 months
Year3 years agoThe year before lastLast yearThis yearNext yearThe year after nextIn 3 years
  • 着る・着ている・脱ぐ
対象動作(語句)動作(例文)状態(語句)状態(例文)外す(語句)外す(例文)
服put onput on a shirtwear / have onwearing a shirttake offtake off a shirt
帽子put onput on a hatwear / have onwearing a hattake offtake off a hat
メガネput onput on glasseswear / have onwearing glassestake offtake off glasses
  • 乗る・乗っている・降りる
    • 自動車・タクシー: 「体をかがめて入り、すぐに座る小型の箱型の乗り物」は get in, get out of. オンオフ、インアウトで対応が取れている。
    • takeは移動手段として乗ること、rideは体験（乗馬とか）のために乗ることを言う。跨がらなくともrideを使うことはできる。
対象英語動作：乗る状態：乗っている動作：降りる
飛行機Airplaneget onbe onget off
バスBusget onbe onget off
電車Trainget onbe onget off
自転車Bicycleget onbe on / ridingget off
バイクMotorbikeget onbe on / ridingget off
自動車Carget inbe inget out of
タクシーTaxiget inbe inget out of
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発音 †

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日本語との比較 †

  • 「はひふへほ」
    • 「ひ」は英語より強い摩擦音
    • 「ふ」はhuじゃなくてfuと発音している。whoはfuではなくhu
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発音記号 †

  • 英語には
  • 円唇？舌前後？顎狭広？
  • スマホの変換で出る表現を採用する。
記号呼称解説単語発音
æアッシュひえんしん・まえじた・せまめのひろぼいんcat/kæt/
ɑブロードエーひえんしん・あとじた・ひろぼいんhot/hɑt/
ɔオープンオーえんしん・あとじた・はんひろぼいん（唇の丸みを伴う円唇母音。ʌの唇を丸めたバージョン）law/lɔː/
əシュワなかじた・ちゅうおうぼいん 曖昧母音about/əˈbaʊt/
ʌウェッジひえんしん・あとじた・はんひろぼいん ブロードエーを顎を少し閉じたものcup/kʌp/
ɜオープンイー(変換はイプシロンで出す)ひえんしん・なかじた・はんひろぼいん ほぼシュワだが少し顎を開いたものbird/bɜːrd/
ɪオープンアイ（変換ははつおんきごうで出す）ひえんしん・まえじため・ひろめのせまぼいん iのシュワ寄りsit/sɪt/
iアイひえんしん・まえじた・せまぼいんsee/siː/
ʊユプシロンえんしん・あとじため・ひろめのせまぼいん uのシュワ寄りbook/bʊk/
uユーえんしん・あとじた・せまぼいんblue/bluː/
eイーひえんしん・まえじた・はんせまぼいんbed/bed/
  • ː ちょうぼいん
ː長音記号 (Length Mark) - 長母音see/siː/
  • 子音
記号呼称・解説単語発音
θシータ（普通エスと読むが変換で出ない）think/θɪŋk/
ðエズthis/ðɪs/
ŋエングsing/sɪŋ/
ʃエシュshe/ʃiː/
ʒエジュvision/ˈvɪʒn/
  • アメリカ英語
記号呼称・解説単語発音
ʔ声門閉鎖 (Glottal Stop) - 息を急に止める音button/ˈbʌʔn̩/
ɾフラップT (Flap T) - 母音に挟まれたtが日本語のラ行になるwater/ˈwɔːɾər/
m̩, n̩, l̩成節子音 (Syllabic Consonant) - 母音を伴わず子音だけで音節を作るrhythm, sudden, little/ˈrɪðm̩/, /ˈsʌdn̩/, /ˈlɪtl̩/

英語音声学者として、ご提示いただいた発音変化のルールに基づき、PukiWiki形式の表を作成しました。 アメリカ英語の口語（Connected Speech）で頻繁に起こる現象を網羅しています。

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英語発音変化（Connected Speech / Reduction）一覧 †

現象名変化パターンIPA変化単語例 (大量・非自明含む)例文
Stop T (Before Consonant)t + 子音 -> ʔ + 子音/t/ -> [ʔ]football [ˈfʊʔbɔːl], basketball [ˈbæskəʔbɔːl], network, fitness, batman, witness, butler, partly, lately, atmosphere, catfish, outward, apartment, investment, treatment, department, nightmare, output, platform, utmost, whatsoever, suitcase, gateway, credit card, sit down, get back, let go, not now, right now, wait for, that one, what timeI play **basketball** and perform **fitness** training at the gym.
Stop T (Word Final)t + 語尾 -> ʔ/t/ -> [ʔ]hot [hɑʔ], wait [weɪʔ], what, sit, great, about, right, thought, bought, lot, cat, hat, put, set, cut, bet, let, meet, feet, street, night, light, fight, boat, coat, goat, eat, seat, beat, it, at, that, but, not, get, out, what, brought, caught, taughtIt is getting really **hot** outside, so let's just **wait** here.
Syllabic N (Glottal T)t + en/on/in -> ʔn̩/tən/ -> [ʔn̩]button [ˈbʌʔn̩], mountain [ˈmaʊnʔn̩], cotton, certain, eaten, kitten, forgotten, important, curtain, Latin, Manhattan, Clinton, sentence, fountain, mitten, rotten, bitten, brighten, threaten, sweeten, tighten, frighten, beaten, written, gotten, mutant, patent, bulletin, skeleton, Martin, Hilton, ScrantonPlease push the **button** because it is **important** to start now.
Flap T (Word Medial)母音 + t + 母音 -> ɾ/t/ -> [ɾ]water [ˈwɔːɾər], better [ˈbɛɾər], city, letter, pretty, little, computer, party, later, ability, matter, butter, bottle, metal, total, data, item, meter, motor, native, notice, photo, potato, tomato, writer, waiting, eating, sitting, getting, putting, security, reality, society, anxiety, variety, beautiful, critical, medical, political**Water** is **better** for your health than soda in the **city**.
Flap T (Word Boundary)母音 + t + 母音 -> ɾ/t/ -> [ɾ]get out [gɛɾˈaʊt], put it on [pʊɾɪɾˈɑn], let it go, what a, not a, lot of, sort of, out of, part of, that is, it is, what is, at all, but I, get a, met a, sit on, write a, wait a, eat it, cut it, shut up, get up, wake up, beat it, fit in, set up, let us, about it, doubt it**Get out** of here and **put it on** the table right now.
NT Reductionnt + 母音 -> n + 母音/nt/ -> [n]internet [ˈɪnərnɛt], interview [ˈɪnərvjuː], center, wanted, twenty, plenty, advantage, percentage, winter, Santa, international, interactive, interfere, intersection, interstate, mental, rental, dental, quantity, identity, gentle, county, painting, accounting, hunter, pointer, printer, sprinter, Toronto, Atlanta, Sacramento, Pentagon, sentence, entertainmentThe **internet** **center** **wanted** **twenty** dollars for the service.
ND Reductionnd + 子音/r -> n/nd/ -> [n]hundred [ˈhʌnərd], understand [ˌʌnərˈstænd], friendship, landscape, grandpa, sandwich, handsome, soundproof, windshield, blindness, kindness, endless, mindless, groundless, handful, mindful, grandmother, grandson, landmark, landslide, band-aid, handbag, sandcastle, windmill, spend money, send me, find them, lend me, stand back, around here, behind thePlease **understand** that a **hundred** people are waiting for **grandpa**.
Consonant Cluster Reduction (Elision)子音 + t/d + 子音 -> 脱落/t/, /d/ -> Øfacts [fæks], texts [tɛks], scripts, ghosts, forests, beasts, scientists, artists, tourists, dentists, next day, last night, just now, first place, best friend, most people, worst case, past tense, left turn, soft spot, gift shop, lift weights, kept quiet, slept well, goldfish, windmill, handful, blindness, kindness, old man, cold water, wild west, world war, hold tightThe **facts** in the **texts** show that **scientists** work very hard.
TR Affricationtr -> tʃr/tr/ -> [tʃr]tree [tʃriː], try [tʃraɪ], truth, trouble, trust, travel, country, entry, street, pantry, train, trip, truck, track, trick, treat, trade, trend, trial, tribe, true, truly, trace, trash, trim, tray, trap, troop, trout, trunk, trumpet, trigger, traffic, tragic, translate, transfer, contract, control, central, electricThat big **tree** in the **country** caused **trouble** for the **traffic**.
DR Affricationdr -> dʒr/dr/ -> [dʒr]drive [dʒraɪv], dream [dʒriːm], drink, drop, dry, dress, draw, laundry, drama, drugstore, drag, drum, drill, drift, drain, draft, drape, dread, drown, drug, drunk, dragon, drain, drawer, address, bedroom, children, hundred, laundry, wardrobe, cathedral, squadron, hydrantI **drive** to the **drugstore** to buy a **drink** and do **laundry**.
Yod-Coalescence (T)t + y -> tʃ/t/ + /j/ -> [tʃ]meet you [ˈmiːtʃu], last year [ˈlæsˌtʃɪr], don't you, got you, can't you, haven't you, what you, next year, want you, bet you, get you, let you, hit you, hurt you, hate you, about you, aren't you, didn't you, wouldn't you, shouldn't you, won't you, eat your, cut your, put your, set your, shut your, fit your, suit your, treat your, that you, but youI will **meet you** **next year** if I **get you** the ticket.
Yod-Coalescence (D)d + y -> dʒ/d/ + /j/ -> [dʒ]did you [ˈdɪdʒu], would you [ˈwʊdʒu], could you, should you, told you, heard you, missed you, need you, found you, had you, made you, paid you, feed you, read you, lead you, send you, lend you, hand you, hold you, find your, mind your, behind you, around you, sad year, bad year, good year, did your, would your, could your, should your**Did you** find out who **told you** that story **last year**?
Yod-Coalescence (S)s + y -> ʃ/s/ + /j/ -> [ʃ]bless you [ˈblɛʃu], miss you [ˈmɪʃu], guess you, press your, pass your, unless you, this year, kiss you, yes you, dress you, mess you, stress you, impress you, address you, access your, process your, discuss your, focus your, express your, cross your, toss your, boss you, face your, place your, nice year, less yell, gas yardGod **bless you**, I **guess you** caught a cold **this year**.
Yod-Coalescence (Z)z + y -> ʒ/z/ + /j/ -> [ʒ]how's your [ˈhaʊʒər], where's your [ˈwɛrʒər], use your, lose your, raise your, because you, as you, these years, was your, does your, is your, has your, knows you, loves you, please you, tease you, advise you, surprise you, close your, chose your, freeze your, size your, noise you, cause you, laws you, news you**How's your** family doing **these years** **as you** grow older?
N + TH Assimilationn + th -> n + n/n/ + /ð/ -> [nː]in the [ɪnːə], on the [ɑnːə], join the, win the, run the, burn the, when they, clean the, sign the, upon the, down the, turn the, seen the, been the, gone the, done the, own the, mean the, ten thousand, nine thousand, seven thousand, sun the, man the, fan the, ban the, plan the, scan the, spin the, skin the, thin theI left the keys **in the** drawer **when they** were cleaning up.
M + TH Assimilationm + th -> m + n/m/ + /ð/ -> [m]+[n]from there [frʌm nɛr], come there [kʌm nɛr], from the, some things, warm the, name the, time the, claim the, boom town, climb the, blame them, seem the, same thing, some thoughts, calm the, dream the, team the, film the, home the, room the, bottom the, system the, program the, problem the, freedom the, kingdom the, wisdom theIt takes time to walk **from there** and **warm the** room up.
H-Dropping (Pronouns/Aux)h + 母音 -> 母音/h/ -> Øtell him [ˈtɛlɪm], ask her [ˈæskər], did he, what have, should have, could have, would have, must have, might have, will he, does he, is he, has he, love him, like her, see him, know her, give him, take her, call him, help her, for him, to her, with him, about her, tell 'em (them), show 'em, ask 'em**Did he** **tell him** that he **should have** called her sooner?
H-Dropping (Word Internal)h + 母音 -> 母音/h/ -> Øforehead [ˈfɔːrɪd], vehicle [ˈviːɪkl̩], shepherd, exhibition, exhaust, exhibit, heir, honor, honest, hour, ghost, rhyme, rhythm, thyme, Birmingham, Durham, Graham, vehement, annihilate, silhouette (h silent in French origin)The **vehicle** hit his **forehead** during the **exhibition**.
Of Reductionof -> a/ʌv/ -> [ə]cup of [ˈkʌpə], kind of [ˈkaɪndə], sort of, lot of, out of, one of, most of, piece of, sense of, both of, all of, some of, none of, many of, much of, rest of, front of, back of, top of, side of, end of, pair of, set of, box of, bag of, can of, bottle of, glass of, type of, style of, way of, waste of, matter of, point ofI had a **cup of** coffee and a **lot of** **kind of** snacks.
Syllabic L子音 + le -> l̩/əl/ -> [l̩]little [ˈlɪɾl̩], bottle [ˈbɑɾl̩], middle, hospital, candle, simple, people, couple, noodle, saddle, apple, table, uncle, circle, cycle, eagle, bubble, double, trouble, struggle, muscle, puzzle, drizzle, sizzle, dazzle, final, animal, camel, tunnel, channel, panel, signal, pedal, medal, model, total, metalThe **little** **people** in the **middle** of the **hospital** need help.
Schwa Elision (Syncope)音節省略/ə/ -> Øcamera [ˈkæmrə], family [ˈfæmli], chocolate, vegetable, interesting, every, different, history, restaurant, separate, general, several, average, beverage, bakery, catholic, conference, desperate, diamond, diaper, evening, favorite, federal, liberal, literature, machinery, memory, mystery, natural, opera, personal, police, reference, temperature, travelerMy **family** took a **camera** to a **different** **restaurant**.
G-Droppinging -> in/ɪŋ/ -> [ɪn]running [ˈrʌnɪn], swimming [ˈswɪmɪn], eating, talking, walking, doing, going, something, nothing, anything, morning, evening, boring, exciting, interesting, amazing, coming, kidding, feeling, getting, sitting, waiting, watching, playing, working, studying, sleeping, cooking, cleaning, driving, flying, crying, laughing, smilingI was **running** and **eating** **something** in the **morning**.
Dark L (L-Vocalization)母音 + l/l/ -> [ɫ] (~u)milk [mɪɫk], ball [bɔːɫ], call, feel, real, help, cool, pool, school, fool, tool, rule, bell, tell, sell, well, spell, smell, hill, kill, will, pill, still, fill, full, pull, bull, dull, skull, seagull, email, detail, retail, trail, mail, nail, sail, tailI **feel** **real** **cool** when I drink **milk** at **school**.
Linking (C + V)子音 + 母音 -> 連結resyllabificationcheck it out [ˌtʃɛkɪˈɾaʊt], hold on [ˌhoʊlˈdɑn], wake up, look at, pick up, turn off, come in, get out, stand up, sit down, give up, take off, put on, read it, need it, love it, like it, hate it, have it, has it, is it, was it, does it, did it, will it, can it, could it, should it, would it, must it**Check it out**, **wake up**, and **look at** the screen right now.
Linking (V + V / W-Glide)u/o/au + 母音 -> wInsert [w]go out [ˌgoʊˈwaʊt], do it [ˌduːˈwɪt], you are, two of, blue eyes, shoe on, know it, show up, throw out, grow up, how are, now is, cow eat, who is, through it, true answer, new apple, few others, view of, too easy, so on, no one, go away, slow down, flow out**Go out** and **do it**, **you are** the one who knows it.
Linking (V + V / Y-Glide)i/e/ai/oi + 母音 -> jInsert [j]see it [ˌsiːˈjɪt], be able [ˌbiːˈjeɪbl̩], he is, she is, we are, me and, three of, tea or, say it, play on, stay up, lay off, day of, my own, buy it, try out, fly away, high up, sky is, boy is, toy and, enjoy it, annoy us, they are**See it**, **be able** to **say it**, and **enjoy it** **my own** way.
Gemination (Linking)同じ子音 -> 長音化C1+C1 -> [Cː]hot tea [hɑˈtːiː], good day [ɡʊˈdːeɪ], black cat, red dress, big game, some money, feel like, stop pushing, bus stop, half full, bad dog, with this, both things, gas station, this summer, miss school, nice song, tough fight, life force, real love, cool look, same man, time machine, one night, nine names, keep pace, top position, grab bag, club band, hard driveI want some **hot tea** on a **good day** at the **gas station**.
Grammatical Reduction (Gonna)going to -> gonna/goʊɪŋ tu/ -> [gənə]I'm gonna [aɪmgənə], you're gonna [jərɡənə], he's gonna, she's gonna, we're gonna, they're gonna, it's gonna, gonna be, gonna go, gonna do, gonna say, gonna get, gonna make, gonna take, gonna have, gonna know, gonna think, gonna see, gonna come, gonna want, gonna need, gonna try, gonna ask, gonna tell, gonna giveI'm **gonna** go to the store because it's **gonna** rain.
Grammatical Reduction (Wanna)want to -> wanna/wɑnt tu/ -> [wɑnə]I wanna [aɪwɑnə], you wanna [juwɑnə], we wanna, they wanna, wanna be, wanna go, wanna do, wanna say, wanna get, wanna make, wanna take, wanna have, wanna know, wanna think, wanna see, wanna come, wanna try, wanna ask, wanna tell, wanna give, don't wanna, didn't wanna, really wanna, just wanna, only wannaI **wanna** go home because I don't **wanna** work today.
G-Dropping (Refined)ing -> in/ɪŋ/ -> [ən]running [ˈrʌnən], talking [ˈtɔːkən], doing, going, playing, watching, thinking, making, taking, sleepingI was **running** and **talking** at the same time.
And Reductionand -> n/ænd/ -> [ən], [n]rock and roll [ˌrɑkənˈroʊl], black and white [ˌblækənˈwaɪt], bread and butter, fish and chips, back and forth, up and down, salt and pepper, boys and girls, ladies and gentlemen, nice and slowI like listening to **rock and roll** in **black and white** movies.
Something Reductionsomething -> sum'n / sump'n / sum/sʌmθɪŋ/ -> [sʌmʔn̩], [sʌmpm̩], [sʌm]something like [ˈsʌmʔn̩ laɪk], something else [ˈsʌmpm̩ ɛls], do something, say something, hear something, see something, eat something, drink something, want something, need somethingI need to eat **something like** a sandwich or **something else**.
Nothing Reductionnothing -> nut'n / nan/nʌθɪŋ/ -> [nʌʔn̩]nothing much [ˈnʌʔn̩ mʌtʃ], nothing wrong [ˈnʌʔn̩ rɔŋ], say nothing, do nothing, hear nothing, see nothing, mean nothing, feel nothing, cost nothing, fear nothingThere is **nothing much** to do and **nothing wrong** with that.
N + TH Assimilation (And)and + th -> an + n (anea)/ænd ð/ -> [ənː]and there [ənːɛr], and then [ənːɛn], and that, and they, and those, and these, and the, and this, and therefore, and thusWe went to the park **and there** was a dog, **and then** we ran.
Grammatical Reduction (Tryna)trying to -> tryna/traɪɪŋ tu/ -> [ˈtraɪnə]trying to [ˈtraɪnə], I'm trying to [aɪmˈtraɪnə], trying to say, trying to get, trying to find, trying to make, trying to sleep, trying to fix, trying to call, trying to help, trying to understand, trying to leave, trying to be, trying to eat, trying to workI'm **trying to** finish my homework before dinner.
Grammatical Reduction (Sposta)supposed to -> sposta/səpoʊzd tu/ -> [ˈspoʊstə]supposed to [ˈspoʊstə], I'm supposed to [aɪmˈspoʊstə], supposed to be, supposed to go, supposed to do, supposed to know, supposed to happen, supposed to rain, supposed to start, supposed to meet, supposed to have, supposed to meanYou were **supposed to** call me yesterday.
Grammatical Reduction (Gotta)got to -> gotta/gɑt tu/ -> [ˈgɑɾə]got to [ˈgɑɾə], I've got to [aɪvˈgɑɾə], you've got to, we've got to, they've got to, got to go, got to be, got to do, got to see, got to run, got to get, got to know, got to say, got to tell, got to find, got to leaveI've **got to** go now, or I'll be late.
Grammatical Reduction (Hafta)have to -> hafta/hæv tu/ -> [ˈhæftə]have to [ˈhæftə], I have to [aɪˈhæftə], you have to, we have to, they have to, have to go, have to be, have to do, have to say, have to get, have to make, have to work, have to study, have to pay, have to waitWe **have to** clean the room before they arrive.
Grammatical Reduction (Hasta)has to -> hasta/hæz tu/ -> [ˈhæstə]has to [ˈhæstə], he has to [hiˈhæstə], she has to, it has to, has to be, has to go, has to do, has to say, has to get, has to make, has to know, has to stop, has to change, has to workHe **has to** finish the report by tomorrow.
Grammatical Reduction (Usta)used to -> usta/juːzd tu/ -> [ˈjuːstə]used to [ˈjuːstə], I used to [aɪˈjuːstə], used to be, used to go, used to play, used to live, used to have, used to think, used to say, used to know, used to eat, used to work, used to love, used to likeI **used to** live in New York when I was young.
Grammatical Reduction (Oughta)ought to -> oughta/ɔt tu/ -> [ˈɔɾə]ought to [ˈɔɾə], you ought to [juˈɔɾə], ought to be, ought to go, ought to do, ought to know, ought to say, ought to think, ought to see, ought to ask, ought to tell, ought to help, ought to stopYou **ought to** apologize for what you said.
Grammatical Reduction (Outta)out of -> outta/aʊt ʌv/ -> [ˈaʊɾə]out of [ˈaʊɾə], get out of [gɛɾˈaʊɾə], out of time, out of money, out of here, out of control, out of breath, out of place, out of order, out of sight, out of mind, out of shape, out of work, out of date, out of touchLet's get **out of** here before it gets dark.
Grammatical Reduction (Kinda)kind of -> kinda/kaɪnd ʌv/ -> [ˈkaɪndə]kind of [ˈkaɪndə], it's kind of [ɪtsˈkaɪndə], kind of like, kind of funny, kind of weird, kind of sad, kind of cute, kind of hard, kind of busy, kind of tired, kind of nice, kind of cool, kind of fastIt's **kind of** cold in here, isn't it?
Grammatical Reduction (Sorta)sort of -> sorta/sɔrt ʌv/ -> [ˈsɔrɾə]sort of [ˈsɔrɾə], I sort of [aɪˈsɔrɾə], sort of like, sort of thing, sort of funny, sort of weird, sort of sad, sort of happy, sort of hard, sort of easy, sort of busy, sort of tiredI **sort of** understand what you mean.
Grammatical Reduction (Lotta)lot of -> lotta/lɑt ʌv/ -> [ˈlɑɾə]lot of [ˈlɑɾə], a lot of [əˈlɑɾə], lot of people, lot of time, lot of money, lot of work, lot of things, lot of fun, lot of noise, lot of trouble, lot of space, lot of love, lot of rainThere are a **lot of** people in the park today.
Grammatical Reduction (Dunno)don't know -> dunno/doʊnt noʊ/ -> [dəˈnoʊ]I dunno [aɪdəˈnoʊ], you dunno [judəˈnoʊ], we dunno, they dunno, dunno why, dunno how, dunno what, dunno where, dunno when, dunno whoI **don't know** where he went.
Grammatical Reduction (Gimme)give me -> gimme/gɪv mi/ -> [ˈgɪmi]gimme [ˈgɪmi], can you gimme [kænjuˈgɪmi], gimme that, gimme a break, gimme a hand, gimme some, gimme a minute, gimme a chance, gimme a call, gimme a kiss, gimme a lookCan you **give me** a hand with this box?
Grammatical Reduction (Lemme)let me -> lemme/lɛt mi/ -> [ˈlɛmi]lemme [ˈlɛmi], just lemme [dʒʌsˈlɛmi], lemme see, lemme know, lemme go, lemme think, lemme guess, lemme ask, lemme tell, lemme try, lemme do it, lemme in, lemme out**Let me** know if you need anything else.
Grammatical Reduction (Imma)I'm going to -> Imma/aɪm goʊɪŋ tu/ -> [ˈaɪmə]I'm a [ˈaɪmə], Imma be [ˈaɪməbi], Imma go, Imma do, Imma say, Imma get, Imma make, Imma take, Imma have, Imma know, Imma think, Imma see, Imma come, Imma tell, Imma call**I'm going to** be a doctor when I grow up.
Grammatical Reduction (Tryna)trying to -> tryna/traɪɪŋ tu/ -> [ˈtraɪnə]trying to [ˈtraɪnə], I'm trying to [aɪmˈtraɪnə], trying to say, trying to get, trying to find, trying to make, trying to sleep, trying to fix, trying to call, trying to help, trying to understand, trying to leave, trying to be, trying to eat, trying to workI'm **trying to** finish my homework before dinner.
NG + T Voicing (Post-Nasal)ng + t -> ng + d/ŋt/ -> [ŋd]trying to [ˈtraɪɪŋ də], Washington [ˈwɑʃɪŋdən], Arlington, going to (not gonna), doing to, being to, according to, belonging to, singing to, bringing to, clinging to, stringing to, swinging to, ringtone (ring-done), ping pong table (ping-pong-dable)I am **trying to** understand **Washington** politics.
N + T Voicing (Post-Nasal)n + t -> n + d/nt/ -> [nd]seventy [ˈsɛvəndi], ninety [ˈnaɪndi], carpenter [ˈkɑrpəndər], painter [ˈpeɪndər], center [ˈsɛndər] (varies), winter [ˈwɪndər] (varies), kindergarten, planting, wanted (wand-ed), counted (cound-ed), sprinter, hunter, mental (men-dl), gentle, rentalMy grandfather is **seventy** years old.
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解説 (Voicingについて):** †

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**NG + T Voicing:** `Washington` のように `-ton` で終わる地名・人名で `/t/` が `/d/` に化ける現象は非常に一般的です。 †

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**N + T Voicing:** `NG` だけでなく `N` の後の `T` も `/d/` になることがあります。 †

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**Reduction (T消滅)**: `center` -> `senner` [ˈsɛnər] (一般的) †

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**Voicing (T有声化)**: `center` -> `sender` [ˈsɛndər] (方言や話者による) †

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特に `seventy` [ˈsɛvəndi], `ninety` [ˈnaɪndi], `carpenter` [ˈkɑrpəndər] は `/d/` になる頻度が高い単語です。 †

  • 単語の省略
    • 英語でもたまに本当に省略することはある
    • it's time to -> time to
    • it seems to -> seems to
    • you want to touch it? -> wanna touch it?
  • 逆に本当に同じもの
    • it's = its
    • who's = whose
    • こういうのは文脈判断。ネイティブは綴りを間違えがち
    • what are you -> whad're ya = wha'do ya <- What do you
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